Minna no Nihongo - Unit 17 Overview

Minna no Nihongo - Unit 17 Overview


In Unit 17, the focus shifts to expressing prohibitions, permissions, and obligations in Japanese using specific grammar structures. You will learn how to say what you are not allowed to do, what you are permitted to do, and what you must or must not do, making this unit key for everyday communication, particularly in formal or polite settings.


1. Vocabulary (たんご)

Here’s a list of useful verbs and nouns related to permissions, prohibitions, and obligations:

  • はいります (hairimasu) – to enter
  • おふろ (ofuro) – bath
  • おきます (okimasu) – to wake up, to get up
  • ねます (nemasu) – to sleep, to go to bed
  • すいます (suimasu) – to smoke
  • つかいます (tsukaimasu) – to use
  • みがきます (migakimasu) – to brush, to polish
  • かえします (kaeshimasu) – to return (something)
  • わすれます (wasuremasu) – to forget
  • もってきます (motte kimasu) – to bring

Useful nouns:

  • けんこうほけんしょう (kenkou hokenshou) – health insurance card
  • くすり (kusuri) – medicine
  • かぜ (kaze) – a cold (illness)
  • きんえん (kin’en) – no smoking

2. Grammar Points (ぶんぽう)

A. Expressing Permission with 〜てもいいです

  1. 〜てもいいです – “You may do” or “It’s okay to do”

    • Use this form to indicate permission or say that something is allowed. It’s created by taking the て-form of a verb and adding もいいです.
    • Structure:
      [Verb in て-form] + もいいです。
    • Example:
      • ここで たばこを すっても いいです。
        (You may smoke here.)
  2. Asking for Permission

    • To ask if you are allowed to do something, simply raise the intonation of 〜てもいいですか to make it a question.
    • Example:
      • ここで しゃしんを とっても いいですか。
        (Is it okay to take pictures here?)

B. Expressing Prohibition with 〜てはいけません

  1. 〜てはいけません – “You must not do” or “It is prohibited to do”
    • Use this form to express prohibitions or say that something is not allowed. It’s created by using the て-form of a verb followed by はいけません.
    • Structure:
      [Verb in て-form] + はいけません。
    • Example:
      • ここで たばこを すっては いけません。
        (You must not smoke here.)

C. Expressing Obligation with なければなりません and なくてもいいです

  1. 〜なければなりません – “Must do”

    • Use this form to express obligations or say that something must be done. It’s created by taking the ない-form of a verb, dropping the final , and adding ければなりません.
    • Structure:
      [Verb in ない-form, minus い] + なければなりません。
    • Example:
      • くすりを のまなければ なりません。
        (I must take medicine.)
  2. 〜なくてもいいです – “Don’t have to do”

    • Use this form to say that it’s not necessary to do something. It’s created by taking the ない-form of a verb, dropping the final , and adding くてもいいです.
    • Structure:
      [Verb in ない-form, minus い] + くてもいいです。
    • Example:
      • あした かいしゃに こなくても いいです。
        (You don’t have to come to work tomorrow.)

3. Example Sentences

  1. ここで たばこを すっても いいですか。
    (May I smoke here?)

  2. ここで たばこを すっては いけません。
    (You must not smoke here.)

  3. にほんでは くるまを うんてんする まえに、うんてんめんきょを とらなければ なりません。
    (In Japan, you must get a driver’s license before driving a car.)

  4. けんこうほけんしょうを もってこなければ なりませんか。
    (Must I bring my health insurance card?)

  5. きょうは しごとに いかなくても いいです。
    (You don’t have to go to work today.)


4. Practice Sentences

  • ここで しゃしんを とっても いいですか。
    (May I take pictures here?)

  • ここで しゃしんを とっては いけません。
    (You must not take pictures here.)

  • びょういんに いかなければ なりません。
    (I must go to the hospital.)

  • きょうは ざんぎょうを しなくても いいです。
    (You don’t have to work overtime today.)


5. Summary

Unit 17 focuses on important modal expressions for giving or denying permission, stating prohibitions, and describing obligations or lack thereof. Mastering these forms will allow you to interact more naturally in formal and everyday situations, giving you the tools to ask politely if you can do something, understand what’s allowed, and express responsibilities.

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