Minna no Nihongo - Unit 21 Overview

Minna no Nihongo - Unit 21 Overview


In Unit 21, the focus is on expressing opinions, giving prohibitions, and using formal requests. This unit will introduce sentence patterns used in making requests politely, as well as how to convey rules and restrictions. You will also learn how to use と思います to express opinions, along with といいます to relay what someone else has said.


1. Vocabulary (たんご)

Here’s some useful vocabulary related to expressing opinions and rules:

  • おもいます (omoimasu) – to think, to believe
  • いいます (iimasu) – to say
  • かちます (kachimasu) – to win
  • まけます (makemasu) – to lose, to be defeated
  • あります (arimasu) – to have, to exist (inanimate)
  • おまつり (omatsuri) – festival
  • むだ (muda) – wasteful, useless
  • ふべん (fuben) – inconvenient
  • すごい (sugoi) – amazing, great
  • ニュース (nyuusu) – news
  • スピーチ (supiichi) – speech
  • アルバイト (arubaito) – part-time job
  • しあい (shiai) – match, game
  • いけん (iken) – opinion
  • はなし (hanashi) – talk, story
  • さいきん (saikin) – recently, lately
  • たぶん (tabun) – probably
  • きっと (kitto) – surely
  • ほんとうに (hontou ni) – really, truly

2. Grammar Points (ぶんぽう)

A. Expressing Opinions with と思います (to omoimasu)

To express your thoughts or opinions in Japanese, use と思います after a plain form verb or adjective.

  1. Structure:
    [Plain form of verb/adjective] + と思います。

    • Examples:
      • たぶん あしたは あめが ふると おもいます。
        (I think it will probably rain tomorrow.)
      • にほんごは むずかしいと おもいます。
        (I think Japanese is difficult.)
  2. Usage in Sentences:

    • You can express uncertainty or certainty using words like たぶん (probably) or きっと (surely) to soften or strengthen your opinion.

B. Quoting Speech with といいます (to iimasu)

When quoting someone’s words or conveying information said by someone else, use といいます.

  1. Structure:
    [Quote] + と いいます。

    • Examples:
      • せんせいは 「がんばって」と いいました。
        (The teacher said, "Do your best.")
      • かのじょは きれいだと いっています。
        (She says she is beautiful.)
  2. Incorporating the Plain Form:

    • Use plain forms of verbs and adjectives within quotes or when reporting speech.
    • Example:
      かれは すしが すきだと いっています。
      (He says that he likes sushi.)

C. Giving Formal Requests and Prohibitions

  1. Formal Requests Using 〜てください

    • て-form + ください is used to make polite requests.
    • Structure:
      [Verb in て-form] + ください。
      • Examples:
        • ここで まってください。
          (Please wait here.)
        • しおを とってください。
          (Please pass the salt.)
  2. Prohibitions Using 〜てはいけません

    • て-form + はいけません is used to prohibit or forbid actions.
    • Structure:
      [Verb in て-form] + はいけません。
      • Examples:
        • ここで たばこを すってはいけません。
          (You must not smoke here.)
        • しゃしんを とってはいけません。
          (You must not take pictures.)

D. Using でしょう to Express Expectation

  1. でしょう is used to express likelihood or expectation, similar to "probably" or "I guess" in English.
    • Structure:
      [Plain form of verb/adjective] + でしょう。
    • Examples:
      • たぶん あしたは はれでしょう。
        (It will probably be sunny tomorrow.)
      • にほんごの テストは かんたんでしょう。
        (The Japanese test will probably be easy.)

3. Example Sentences

  1. たぶん かれは くると おもいます。
    (I think he will probably come.)

  2. きのうの しあいは すごかったと いいます。
    (They say yesterday’s game was amazing.)

  3. ここで しゃしんを とってはいけません。
    (You must not take pictures here.)

  4. あなたの スピーチは きっと よかったでしょう。
    (Your speech was surely good.)

  5. たぶん かのじょは まけないでしょう。
    (She will probably not lose.)


4. Practice Sentences

  • わたしは いぬを かいたいと おもいます。
    (I think I want to have a dog.)

  • せんせいは 「べんきょうを がんばって」と いっています。
    (The teacher is saying, "Work hard on your studies.")

  • ここで ゴミを すててはいけません。
    (You must not throw trash here.)

  • にほんごの しけんは きっと むずかしいでしょう。
    (The Japanese exam will surely be difficult.)


5. Summary

Unit 21 focuses on expressing opinions using と思います and quoting others using といいます. You also learned how to give formal requests using 〜てください and prohibitions using 〜てはいけません. Additionally, you explored the use of でしょう to express likelihood or expectations. These patterns are crucial for everyday conversations and formal interactions in Japanese, allowing you to express your thoughts, opinions, and requests in both casual and formal settings.

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